瓦尔特·惠特曼(Walt Whitman)是19世纪美国最重要的诗人之一,也是美国文学的重要代表之一。他于1819年5月31日出生在纽约,于1892年3月26日去世。惠特曼的诗歌创作涵盖了广泛的主题,从自然、爱情、人类关系到社会和政治问题。他的作品以其自由洒脱的风格、开放的性格和对人类平等和自由的强烈追求而闻名。
惠特曼最著名的作品是《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass),这是一部包含了多个版本的长诗集。该诗集于1855年首次出版,之后惠特曼一直在不断修订和扩展。《草叶集》以其独特的自由诗形式和大胆的写作风格引起了广泛的关注。他用大胆而直接的语言表达了对人类的热爱和对自然的赞美,同时探索了个体与整体之间的关系,以及人类的存在和意义。
除了《草叶集》,惠特曼还创作了许多其他重要的诗歌作品,如《鼓励诗》(Song of Myself)、《跨越布鲁克林大桥》(Crossing Brooklyn Ferry)和《美国》(America: A Prophecy)等。他的诗歌作品大胆创新,追求个体的自由和自我表达,同时关注社会和政治问题,反映了他对美国民主和平等的理念。
瓦尔特·惠特曼的诗歌对后来的现代诗歌产生了深远的影响,他被誉为现代美国诗歌之父。他的作品突破了传统的诗歌形式和主题,开辟了新的创作领域,并为后来的诗人提供了启示和启发。惠特曼的诗歌以其自由、开放和乐观的精神,以及对人类平等和自由的追求而永远留在了文学史上。
I should not take either the biggest or the most picturesque tree to illustrate it. Here is one of my favorites now before me, a fine yellow poplar, quite straight, perhaps 90 feet high, and four thick at the butt. How strong, vital, enduring! how dumbly eloquent! What suggestions of imperturbability and being, as against the human trait of mere seeming. Then the qualities, almost emotional, palpably artistic, heroic, of a tree; so innocent and harmless, yet so savage. It is, yet says nothing. How it rebukes by its tough and equable serenity all weathers, this gusty-temper'd little whiffet, man that runs indoors at a mite of rain or snow. Science (or rather half-way science) scoffs at reminiscence of dryad and hamadryad, and of trees speaking. But, if they don't, they do as well as most speaking, writing, poetry, sermons—or rather they do a great deal better. I should say indeed that those old dryad—reminiscences are quite as true as any, and profounder than most reminiscences we get. ("Cut this out," as the quack mediciners say, and keep by you.) Go and sit in a grove or woods, with one or more of those voiceless companions, and read the foregoing, and think.
One lesson from affiliating a tree—perhaps the greatest moral lesson anyhow from earth, rocks, animals, is that same lesson of inherency, of what is, without the least regard to what the looker-on (the critic) supposes or says, or whether he likes or dislikes. What worse—what more general malady pervades each and all of us, our literature, education, attitude toward each other, (even toward ourselves,) than a morbid trouble about seems, (generally temporarily seems too,) and no trouble at all, or hardly any, about the sane, slow-growing, perennial, real parts of character, books, friendship, marriage—humanity's invisible foundations and hold-together?
By Walter Whitman
[参考译文]
一棵树的启示
瓦尔特·惠特曼
我不会列举最直耸云天或者最绚烂夺目的树来说明这个问题。现在我面前的是一棵我最爱的树,一颗茂盛的黄白杨,树干笔直,可能有90英尺高,最粗的地方有4英尺。多么强壮,多么生机勃勃,多么坚韧不拔!多么口若悬河,而又默默无闻!这是沉着冷静、存在即真的表现,与人仅仅注重外表的性格恰恰相反。一棵树情感丰富,艺术感唾手可得,英雄气十足;天真无知,无心害人,而又冷酷无情。一棵树具备这些气质,却从不言语。树以坚强和一如既往的平静指责所有阴晴雨雪天气,大风来袭也只是轻轻摇曳,只要有一丝雨水或者一片雪花,人就会跑进室内。科学(或伪科学)嘲笑人们回忆森林女神和树神,嘲笑树间的轻语。但是,如果不介意,他们同样可以讲演,可以写作,可以吟诗,可以布道——或者他们可以做得更好。我应该说这些古老的回忆的确千真万确,比我们所作的大多数追忆更加深刻。(“把树切断”,庸医说这话的时候,你把树据为己有。)坐在小树林或森林中,与这些默默无语的朋友相伴,回忆往事,陷入深思。
追溯一棵树的根源得到的启示——也许从土地、岩石、动物身上获得的最伟大的道德启示同样是内在的属性,无论旁观者(评论家)如何猜想或评论,无论他喜欢抑或厌恶,都坚守自己的初衷。更糟的是——我们之间常出现的流行病,我们的文学、教育、待人态度(甚至待己态度)之间常出现的问题和疾病一样看起来不会造成困难,或者根本就没有困难,只是健全的、慢慢生长的、终年存在的人性的本质,书籍、友情、婚姻的本质——人类无形的根基,紧紧地连接在一起?
[注释]
-imperturbability [ˈɪmpəˌtɜːbəˈbɪlətɪ] n. 沉着冷静,泰然自若 composure, calmness
the human trait of mere seeming :人生的浮华表象
gusty-temper'd little whiffet :无用小东西
-scoff [skɒf] v. 讽刺,嘲笑 to mock at or treat with derision
-malady [ˈmælədɪ] n. 疾病 a disease, a disorder, or an ailment
-pervade [pəˈveɪd] v. 充斥于,弥漫 to be present throughout; permeate
[作者简介]
瓦尔特·惠特曼(Walter Whitman, 1819-1892),19世纪美国最伟大的诗人之一。他费时三十七年,历经九次改版,才成就《草叶集》这本不朽诗集。他的写作风格清新质朴,其诗文不拘泥于格律,思想自由奔放,鼓舞人心,又能从变化无常的世事中,直接揭示生命的真谛。其作品不但是美国文学的瑰宝,同时也受到全世界读者的喜爱。