alone作为副词,同only的异同值得探讨。以下是对二者的详细分析:
首先,alone与only都有共同的意义:它们都肯定某一事物的某一情况,同时否定或贬低其他同类事物的同样情况。但是,它们的着重点不同:
alone着重肯定某一事物本身的某一情况,是“内向”的。
only则着重否定其他类似事物的同样情况,是“外向”的。
有时,即使两者可以互用,侧重的语气也略有不同。试比较:
This alone would be a miracle. (单单这一件事就已经是个奇迹了)—侧重奇迹的可能性。
Only this would be a miracle. (只有这件事可以是个奇迹)—强调没有其他可能。
如果句子是否定句,alone本来的对内的正面肯定意义会发生变化,变为一定程度的对外肯定意义。例如:
Man shall not live by bread alone. (人活着,不是单靠食物)—这里表示食物不足,暗示需要其他东西。
But his charm alone cannot explain the honeymoon atmosphere of these encounters.(但单单他的魅力还不足以解释这些会谈中的蜜月气氛)—暗示还有其他因素。
如果是only用于否定,则仅限于对该事物本身加以否定,而保持对其他事物的肯定。例如:
Only John and Jennifer didn't come.(除了约翰和詹妮弗,全都来了)—强调没有其他缺席者。
由于alone没有排斥其他事物的作用,在以下一些例子中应使用alone而非only:
Losses due to IP theft in Brazil amounted to \$900 million in 2003 alone. (单单在2003年一年之间,盗窃知识产权在巴西造成的损失就达九亿美元之巨)
US casualties alone exceeded 6,000. (单单美军的伤亡就超过六千人)
100 civilians had perished in his province alone.(单单在他的那一个省份,就有一百名平民丧生)
Iraqi President Jalal Talabani said 1,091 people had been killed in April in Baghdad alone.(伊拉克总统塔拉班尼称,四月份单单在巴格达一地,就有一千零九十一人被杀害)
Since 2000 alone, the nation has added some 20 million people.(单单从2000年算起,美国人口就增加了大约两千万)
与alone和only意义相近的形容词是mere。然而,mere强调“本身之区区有限”,与alone和only有所不同:
A mere child can do that.(区区一个小孩子也能够做)—强调“仅仅是小孩子”就能做到。
A child alone can do that.(单单一个小孩子也能够做)—强调不需要成年人或其他人。
Only a child can do that.(唯有一个小孩子才能够做)—强调只有小孩子能做到。
mere还可以表示“尽管本身有限,但却能够起大作用”,例如:
His mere presence made them feel afraid.(他人在那里,就足以令他们心惊胆跳)
But to go further back, the mere fact that the type of the fern has remained so constant through the time that has elapsed since the Palaeozoic coal measures that a mere child can recognize it, is astonishing.(尽管自古生代煤层以来过了这么久,但这类蕨类植物一直未变,连一个小孩子都能认出,单单这一点就令人惊讶)
mere还可以用在a mere + 数词 + 复数名词中,表示“四两拨千斤”或“区区为数少”,例如:
It took him a mere 20 minutes to win.(他仅用二十分钟就赢了)
A mere 135 words long, George Washington's second inaugural address was the shortest ever given by a US president.(华盛顿的第二次就职演说仅有135个字,是美国总统中最短的)
A mere 645 spectators watched the game.(仅有645名观众观看了比赛)
另一个与alone和only意义相近的形容词是sole,它的词义大体上同only相似,具有排他性。例如:
This is his sole invention.(这是他唯一的发明)
This is his only invention.(这是他唯一的发明)
但是,sole的含义可能着重本事物本身的积极面,而only可能有“看不起”的含义。例如:
This is his sole invention.(这是他毕生心血的发明)
This is his only invention.(他一辈子就只发明了这么一件东西)
在某些表达中,sole与only相似,表示排外的含义,但不能互换。例:
For sole answer, he smiled.(他不回答,只是笑了笑)
For sole furniture, he had a bed and a desk.(他唯一的家具就是一张床和一张桌子)