"Also"这个副词有两层略微不同的含义:
“相同”:表示与前面提到的事物相同或类似。
例如:
If you will stay, I will also.
您愿意留下,我也就留下。
“而且”:表示添加更多的内容或说明。
例如:
The game was slow, and it was also boring.
这场比赛进行得慢吞吞的,而且还很沉闷。
She plays the piano and also sings.
她会弹钢琴,又会唱。
He is rich. Yet he is also stingy.
他很有钱,但他也很吝啬。
The book was long, also dull.
那本书又冗长又枯燥。
通常情况下,"also"放在它所修饰的单词或词组之前,包括实义动词(但不包括主语)。但是,遇到系动词to be的变位形式和助动词时,"also"不能放在它前面,而只能放在后面。
例如:
They also will serve their country.
他们(同别人一样)将为国家服务。
They will also serve their country.
他们(不但干别的,而且还)为国家服务。
但是,"also"究竟修饰句子的哪个成分,往往不能单从它的位置来判断,还需要根据上下文来决定。以下例子中,"also"位置相同,但修饰不同的成分:
I read in the paper that their band was coming to town. I also heard that the band would play here.
我在报上看到,他们那个乐队要到本市来。我还听说乐队要在这里表演("also"修饰heard)。
Mary heard that their band is coming to town. I also heard that the band would play here.
玛丽听说他们那个乐队要到本市来。我也听说乐队要在这里表演("also"修饰"I")。
The band has been playing on the West Coast for weeks. I also heard that the band would play here.
那个乐队在西海岸表演了好几个星期了。我还听说乐队要在这里表演("also"修饰here)。
如果前后文不清楚,最好将"also"放到尽量靠近它所修饰成分的地方,例如:
I heard the band would also play here.
("also"修饰"here"或"play",但修饰"play"的可能性较小)。
有些学者认为"also"不能放在句首,但在倒装句中表示“同样”时,"also"可以放在句首,远距离修饰倒置谓语后的主语。
Also on the agenda are...
议程还包括有…
Also old are the words from Old English and Middle English. (W. F. Bolton, A Short History of Literary English)
同样,那些来自古英语和中期英语的单词,也已经老旧了。
当"also"表示“而且”或“更有甚者”时,也可以放在句首,后面加上逗号。
Also, during the summer, so-called interim disciplinary rules were promulgated. (The New York Times, Jan. 9, 1969)
而且,在夏季还颁布了一些所谓临时纪律。
The warranty covers all power-train components. Also, participating dealers back their work with a free lifetime service guarantee.
保修范围包括所有动力系统部件。而且,一些参加营销的零售商还提供永久性的免费维修保证,为自己的营业撑腰。
但这种结构在一些语法上受到争议。
一般认为"also"用于肯定句时较为常见,但也可以用于否定句中。在否定句中,"also"的用法和"too"不同,通常需要将"also"放在谓语动词前面。
Our concern about such practices is also not new.
我们对这些做法的关切同样也不是什么新的事情了。
She also knew absolutely nothing about the Theory of Relativity.
她对相对论也是一无所知。
同时,"also"与"too"的否定用法有所区别:
You should not smoke, and you also should not drink.
你既不能吸烟,也不能喝酒("also"修饰后面的"not")。
You may drink, but you may not smoke too.
你可以喝酒,但不可以又加上吸烟("not"修饰后面的"too")。