Bone cancer refers to a malignancy that forms in the bones. It is a rare but serious condition that can significantly affect a person's quality of life. There are several types of bone cancer, with primary bone cancers originating directly in the bones, and secondary bone cancers spreading from other parts of the body to the bones. Understanding the symptoms, causes, treatment options, and prognosis of bone cancer is crucial for early detection and effective management.
骨癌是指在骨骼中形成的恶性肿瘤。这是一种罕见但严重的疾病，可能会显著影响一个人的生活质量。骨癌有几种类型，包括原发性骨癌，指肿瘤直接起源于骨骼，以及继发性骨癌，指其他部位的癌症转移到骨骼。了解骨癌的症状、原因、治疗选择和预后对于早期发现和有效管理至关重要。
There are two main categories of bone cancer: primary and secondary. Primary bone cancer occurs when cancer cells begin in the bone itself. Secondary bone cancer, or bone metastasis, occurs when cancer cells spread from another part of the body to the bones.
骨癌主要分为两类：原发性骨癌和继发性骨癌。原发性骨癌是指癌细胞从骨骼本身开始生长。继发性骨癌，也叫骨转移，是指癌细胞从身体其他部位扩散到骨骼。
Primary bone cancer is relatively rare, accounting for about 1% of all cancers. The most common types include:
Osteosarcoma - The most common type of primary bone cancer, typically affecting the long bones, such as the arms and legs.
Ewing's Sarcoma - A type of bone cancer that usually occurs in the bones or the soft tissue around the bones, often affecting children and adolescents.
Chondrosarcoma - A cancer that forms in cartilage, most commonly found in the pelvis, legs, or arms.
原发性骨癌相对罕见，约占所有癌症的1%。最常见的类型包括：
骨肉瘤 - 最常见的原发性骨癌，通常影响长骨，如手臂和腿部。
尤文肉瘤 - 一种通常发生在骨骼或骨骼周围软组织中的骨癌，通常影响儿童和青少年。
软骨肉瘤 - 形成于软骨中的癌症，最常见于盆骨、腿部或手臂。
Secondary bone cancer, or bone metastasis, is more common than primary bone cancer. It occurs when cancer from another organ, such as the breast, lungs, or prostate, spreads to the bones. These cancers are usually treated based on the primary cancer type, with the goal of controlling the spread to the bones.
继发性骨癌，也叫骨转移，比原发性骨癌更为常见。它发生在其他器官的癌症（如乳腺癌、肺癌或前列腺癌）扩散到骨骼时。这些癌症通常根据原发癌症类型进行治疗，目的是控制癌症向骨骼的扩散。
The symptoms of bone cancer can vary depending on the location and stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:
Pain - The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain, especially at the site of the tumor. The pain may worsen at night or with physical activity.
Swelling and Tenderness - A lump or swelling near the bone affected by cancer may be noticeable, and the area may feel tender.
Fractures - Bones weakened by cancer are more likely to break, even with minor trauma or pressure.
Fatigue - Feeling unusually tired or weak is a common symptom in many cancers, including bone cancer.
骨癌的症状因疾病的部位和阶段而异。常见的症状包括：
疼痛 - 骨癌最常见的症状是疼痛，尤其是在肿瘤部位。疼痛可能在晚上或活动时加剧。
肿胀和压痛 - 受癌症影响的骨骼附近可能会出现肿块或肿胀，并且该区域可能感到压痛。
骨折 - 由于癌症导致骨骼变弱，即使是轻微的创伤或压力也容易导致骨折。
疲劳 - 不寻常的疲倦或虚弱是许多癌症的常见症状，包括骨癌。
The exact cause of bone cancer is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease:
Genetic Mutations - Certain inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing bone cancer, such as mutations in the RB1 gene (linked to retinoblastoma).
Previous Cancer Treatment - Radiation therapy used to treat other cancers can increase the risk of bone cancer later in life.
Bone Diseases - Certain bone conditions, such as Paget's disease, can increase the risk of bone cancer.
Age - Bone cancer can occur at any age, but certain types, like osteosarcoma, are more common in children and young adults.
骨癌的确切原因尚不清楚，但几种因素可能会增加患病的风险：
遗传突变 - 某些遗传突变可能会增加患骨癌的风险，例如与视网膜母细胞瘤相关的RB1基因突变。
先前的癌症治疗 - 用于治疗其他癌症的放疗可能会增加晚年患骨癌的风险。
骨病 - 某些骨骼疾病，如帕吉特病，可能会增加骨癌的风险。
年龄 - 骨癌可以发生在任何年龄，但某些类型（如骨肉瘤）在儿童和年轻人中更为常见。
Treatment for bone cancer depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Common treatment options include:
Surgery - The primary treatment for localized bone cancer is surgery to remove the tumor or part of the affected bone.
Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy is often used to treat osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, especially if the cancer has spread.
Radiation Therapy - Radiation therapy can be used to shrink tumors before surgery or to treat metastases.
Targeted Therapy - Newer therapies aim to target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and may be used for certain types of bone cancer.
骨癌的治疗取决于癌症的类型、阶段和位置。常见的治疗选择包括：
手术 - 对于局部的骨癌，主要治疗方法是手术切除肿瘤或受影响骨骼的一部分。
化疗 - 化疗常用于治疗骨肉瘤和尤文肉瘤，尤其是当癌症已经扩散时。
放疗 - 放射治疗可用于手术前缩小肿瘤，或者用于治疗转移的癌症。
靶向治疗 - 新型靶向治疗通过针对癌细胞生长过程中涉及的特定分子，来治疗某些类型的骨癌。
The prognosis for bone cancer depends on various factors such as the type of bone cancer, the stage at which it is diagnosed, and the response to treatment. Early detection and treatment significantly improve survival rates. However, bone cancer can be challenging to treat, especially if it has spread to other parts of the body.
骨癌的预后取决于多种因素，例如骨癌的类型、诊断时的阶段以及对治疗的反应。早期发现和治疗显著提高生存率。然而，骨癌的治疗可能具有挑战性，尤其是当它已经扩散到身体的其他部位时。
骨癌是一种罕见但严重的疾病，可以影响各个年龄段的人群。早期发现、对治疗选择的全面了解以及及时干预对于管理这种疾病至关重要。医学研究和治疗的进展已经改善了许多患者的预后，尽管骨癌在肿瘤学领域仍然是一个重大挑战。通过提高人们对骨癌症状、原因和治疗选择的认知，我们可以帮助那些受骨癌影响的人尽早诊断并获得适当的治疗。