英语常用词疑难用法:appear

英语作文    发布时间:2025-01-09  
划词翻译

appear

(1)作为瞬时动态动词(即第四类动词),是“出现”(即从原先看不见变为看得见),通常不能有一般现在时。【例如】She suddenly appeared in the doorway. 她忽然出现在门道上。/ She has appeared in five Broadway musicals since 2000. 她自2000年以来在百老汇的五次歌舞会上登过台。/ Cracks have suddenly appeared in the walls in our lounge. 我们休息室的墙壁忽然出现了裂缝。/ Digital radios for less than $50 began to appear in the shops before the end of last year. 去年年底商店里开始出现了价格在五十美元以下的数码收音机。

(2)作为表示状态的延续动词(即第一类动词)是“显得似乎”、“看来像是”,可以有一般现在时,后面的inf. 动词应该是延续状态或延续过程,如果是瞬时动作,就要用to have + pp。【例如】The baby appears to be hungry. 婴儿的样子像是饿了。/ They do not appear to be at home. No one's answering. 他们不像在家。没人答应。/ They appear to have run away from home. They cannot be traced. 他们像是离家出走了。无法追踪他们。但是appear也可以作为瞬时动态动词(即第四类动词)作“显出某个样子”解。【例如】He appeared happy when the company promoted him. 公司给他升职的时候他显得很高兴。

(3)也可以不以事情的主体作appear的主语,而以事情本身作appear的主语,但这个主语采取放在后面的that从句形式而由it在前面充当形式主语(这里的appear当然还是个第一类动词,可以有一般现在时)。【例如】It appears that you may be quite innocent of any crime. 看来你可能完全清白无罪。

(4)appear to inf. (appear adj.) 与seem to inf. (seem adj.) 都可以作为第一类动词,指事物给人的客观印象以及人的客观估计,但是两者有区别:

(a)如果涉及说话者的情感评价成分,就不能用appear而只能用seem。【例如】They have the same surname, but they don't appear / seem to be related. 他们同姓,但是看来没有亲属关系(无情感评价,所以appear与seem均可)。/ She's not getting any better. It seems / appears that she's not been taking the medication. 她的病情没有见好。看来药她没有在服用(无情感评价,所以appear与seem均可)。/ It seems (*appears) ridiculous that he has to stay here to look after the cat. 他为了照料猫,非得留在这里,这看来简直是荒谬(有情感评价,所以只能用seem而不能用appear)。/ It doesn't seem (*appear) like a good idea to leave him here by himself. 把他一个人留在这里,似乎不是个好办法(同上)。从另一个角度来说,appear表示的是客观给人的印象,而seem则是说话者自己感到的印象。【例如】He seems tired. (是我觉得)他似乎很疲倦。/ He appears to be tired. (则是)他客观上给人以疲倦的印象(我却不一定觉得他疲倦)。

(b)appear作“显出…样子”解,本身可以是表示延续状态的第一类动词,也可以是表示瞬时事件的第四类动词(作“出现”解当然更是第四类动词)。作为第一类动词,appear如果在时态上采用一般现在时或一般过去时,它由于本身是延续的,它后面的to inf. 也必须代表一个延续的状态或延续过程,所以要求一个第一类(延续状态)动词;如果是第二类(延续动作)动词或第三类动词(延续动作但完成),就要采取进行时to be + -ing,以表示状态或动作在延续中;如果是第四类动词(瞬时动作),则应把to inf. 改为to have + pp,也就是取该完成动作或事件所造成并留下来的延续状态。例如不能说:*He appears to come. 因为come是第四类动词,表示瞬时动作,同表示延续状态的appear冲突。但可以说:He appears to have come. 因为to have come间接代表了一个延续状态(= He is here.)。也不能说:*He appears to walk. 但可以说He appears to be walking. 经过动词不定式的变化,就同appear不冲突了。这一个特点,appear和seem作为第一类动词,两者都是一样的。但是,appear可以是第一类或第四类动词;seem却只能是第一类,采取一般过去时,加上to inf.,通常也只能表示过去的延续状态,用来表示过去的瞬时事件就不自然。例如用appear可以说:He appeared to accept my proposal. 他似乎接受了我的建议(accept是瞬时动作,第四类动词)。说He seemed to accept my proposal. 虽然不能算错,但有点勉强。总而言之,appear或seam作为前一个动词,后面的不定式作为后一个动词,两个动词所代表的,是延续状态还是瞬时事件,必须前后一致。

(5)appear to inf. 与seem to inf. 如果要否定,可以否定appear或seem,也可以否定后面的动词不定式。无论否定前者或是否定后者,如果appear或seem用一般现在时,后面的动词就必须是个延续体动词(即第一和第二类动词),如果是个表示瞬时动作的第四类动词(除非是经常反复的),就必须是完成式 (to have + pp)。【例如】Why do some pages seem not to be indexed? 为什么有些页没有编入目录? / People seem not to see that their opinion of the world is also a confession of their character. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) 人们似乎看不到,他们对世界发表什么看法,同时也就是承认了他们自己是怎么样的性格。/ Two feared German bird flu cases seem not to be bird flu cases. 德国两个恐怕可能是禽流感的病例,似乎并非禽流感。/ Capitalization and space don't seem to matter. 大写和留空格,看来似乎不要紧。/ Civil liberties don't appear to mean much to Republicans. 公民自由对于共和党人来说似乎没有多大意义。/ Plant estrogens in soy don't appear to increase breast or uterine cancer risk. 大豆中的植物雌激素似乎并不增加乳腺癌或子宫癌的风险。/ Prostate cancer patients appear not to experience genetic damage from soy isoflavones. 患前列腺癌的病人似乎并不因为大豆异黄酮而基因受损伤。 / Stem cells appear not to turn into heart cells. 干细胞似乎并不会变成心脏细胞。/ Clinical trials appear not to drive up cost of cancer treatment. 临床试用似乎并不抬高癌症治疗费用。/ The US appears to have fought war for oil and lost it. 美国似乎为石油打仗却又打输了。 9/11 appears to have changed everything. “9·11”似乎改变了一切。如果appear用一般过去时,则后面的动词不定式既可以表示延续状态,但也可以表示瞬时动作(可以to inf. 或to have inf.),如果以to inf. 表示瞬时动作,appeared就不是表示过去似乎存在某个延续状态,而是表示过去似乎发生了某事。【例如】He appeared not to know what to do. 他似乎不知道该怎样办(过去延续状态)。/ There didn't appear to be a time limit. 不像有什么时间限制(过去延续状态)。/ But he didn't appear to react at all. 他似乎根本没有做出反应(过去瞬时动作)。/ The hijacked plane didn't appear to crash into the building; most of the energy was dissipated in hitting the ground. 被劫持的客机似乎没有撞到建筑物上;大部分的能量在碰上地面时消耗掉了(过去瞬时动作)。Anna appeared not to notice Vronsky's worried and inquiring expression. 安娜似乎并没有注意到弗隆斯基那种忧心忡忡、意欲探询的表情(过去瞬时动作)。