直肠癌 ​Rectal cancer 是全球最常见的癌症之一

英语作文    发布时间:2024-12-05  
划词翻译

Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the rectum, the last part of the large intestine. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and can develop from benign growths called polyps.

直肠癌是一种起始于直肠的癌症,直肠是大肠的最后部分。它是全球最常见的癌症之一,通常由叫做息肉的良性生长发展而来。

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk, including:

  • Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 50.

  • Family history: A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can increase the risk.

  • Diet: A diet high in red meat and low in fiber may increase the risk.

  • Inflammatory bowel diseases: Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can increase the risk.

  • Lifestyle factors: Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and lack of physical activity are associated with an increased risk.

直肠癌的确切原因尚不清楚,但一些因素可能增加患病风险,包括:

  • 年龄:风险随着年龄的增长而增加,特别是50岁之后。

  • 家族史:有家族历史的结直肠癌或息肉患者,患病风险较高。

  • 饮食:高红肉饮食、低纤维饮食可能增加患病风险。

  • 炎症性肠病:如克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎等疾病可增加风险。

  • 生活方式因素:吸烟、过度饮酒和缺乏运动与增加的风险相关。

Symptoms of Rectal Cancer

Symptoms of rectal cancer can vary, but common signs include:

  • Rectal bleeding: Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding is one of the most common symptoms.

  • Change in bowel habits: This includes diarrhea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete bowel movements.

  • Abdominal pain: Persistent pain or cramps in the abdomen may be present.

  • Unexplained weight loss: Weight loss that cannot be explained by diet or exercise changes.

  • Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.

直肠癌的症状因人而异,但常见的症状包括:

  • 直肠出血:大便中带血或直肠出血是最常见的症状之一。

  • 大便习惯改变:包括腹泻、便秘,或排便不完全的感觉。

  • 腹痛:腹部持续疼痛或痉挛。

  • 无法解释的体重减轻:体重减轻无法通过饮食或运动的变化来解释。

  • 疲劳:感到异常的疲劳或虚弱。

Diagnosis and Screening

To diagnose rectal cancer, doctors may use a combination of the following methods:

  • Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube is used to examine the colon and rectum for abnormal growths or cancer.

  • Biopsy: A small tissue sample may be taken during a colonoscopy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

  • CT scan: A CT scan may be used to look for cancer spread to other parts of the body.

  • Blood tests: These tests can help assess the overall health of the patient and detect certain markers that may indicate cancer.

为了诊断直肠癌,医生可能会使用以下几种方法:

  • 结肠镜检查:通过灵活的管子检查结肠和直肠是否有异常生长或癌症。

  • 活检:在结肠镜检查过程中,可能会取小块组织样本来确认是否存在癌细胞。

  • CT扫描:CT扫描可用来检查癌症是否扩散到身体的其他部位。

  • 血液检查:这些检查有助于评估患者的整体健康状况,并检测某些可能表明癌症的标志物。

Treatment Options

Treatment for rectal cancer typically involves one or more of the following methods:

  • Surgery: Removing the tumor or part of the rectum is often the first step in treating rectal cancer.

  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs can help kill cancer cells or shrink tumors, often used after surgery or in combination with other treatments.

  • Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation may be used to destroy cancer cells, either before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.

  • Targeted therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells without harming normal cells are sometimes used.

直肠癌的治疗通常包括一种或多种方法:

  • 手术:通常是治疗直肠癌的第一步,目的是切除肿瘤或部分直肠。

  • 化疗:化疗药物可以帮助杀死癌细胞或缩小肿瘤,通常在手术后或与其他治疗方法联合使用。

  • 放疗:高能放射线可能用于摧毁癌细胞,通常在手术前缩小肿瘤,或者手术后杀死残留的癌细胞。

  • 靶向治疗:靶向药物专门针对癌细胞而不损害正常细胞,有时也会使用。

Prevention and Early Detection

While it is not always possible to prevent rectal cancer, certain lifestyle changes may reduce the risk:

  • Healthy diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

  • Regular exercise: Staying active and maintaining a healthy weight can lower the risk.

  • Screening: Regular screening, such as colonoscopy, can help detect cancer early when it is most treatable.

尽管无法完全预防直肠癌,但某些生活方式的改变可以降低风险:

  • 健康饮食:食用富含水果、蔬菜和纤维的饮食可以降低结直肠癌的风险。

  • 定期锻炼:保持活跃并保持健康体重可以降低风险。

  • 筛查:定期筛查,如结肠镜检查,可以帮助及早发现癌症,且最容易治疗。

重点词汇

  • Rectal cancer - 直肠癌

  • Polyps - 息肉

  • Colonoscopy - 结肠镜检查

  • Biopsy - 活检

  • Chemotherapy - 化疗

  • Radiation therapy - 放疗

  • Targeted therapy - 靶向治疗

  • Screening - 筛查

  • Abdominal pain - 腹痛

  • Fatigue - 疲劳

  • Rectal cancer - 直肠癌

  • Polyps - 息肉

  • Colonoscopy - 结肠镜检查

  • Biopsy - 活检

  • Chemotherapy - 化疗

  • Radiation therapy - 放疗

  • Targeted therapy - 靶向治疗

  • Screening - 筛查

  • Abdominal pain - 腹痛

  • Fatigue - 疲劳