as1

（1）可以指主语，依动词词义的不同。

（a）可以指没有变化的固定身份（动词通常不涉及整体的变化）。【例如】Over the summer she worked as a waitress. 整个夏天她都干招待员的工作。/ As a child, she adored dancing. 她童年喜欢跳舞。

（b）可以指一时的身份或性质（动词通常不涉及整体的变化）。【例如】They met almost as strangers. 他们会面时几乎彼此像陌生人。/ The sudden change came as a shock to him. 突如其来的变化，对他是个打击（主语说了变化，动词came不是变化）。/ I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyer. 我想以朋友的身份，而不是律师的身份同你说话。

（c）可以指当前新得到的身份（动词通常涉及主语整体的正面变化或获得的情状）。【例如】To be sworn in as president. 宣誓就任总统之职。/ He strikes me as a fool. 我觉得他简直是个傻瓜。

（d）可以指当前失去的身份（动词通常涉及主语整体的负面变化或失去的情状）。【例如】to step down as president下台不再当总统 / She resigned immediately as the club's chairman. 她立刻辞去俱乐部主席之职。但是在个别场合，虽然动词涉及负面的变化，as却不表示失去的身份或性质，而是表示经过这负面变化后新取得的身份或性质，例如一本虚构小说中说以色列情报部门在1967年收到一份关于核攻击的预报，但不予重视，接着埃及发动进攻，以色列就把这份预报理解为有关埃及进攻的预报，而把核进攻的预报置诸脑后：Two days later, the Six-Day War broke out and the note was dismissed as a warning of the Egyptian attack... 两天之后，六日战争爆发，于是这个预告就被否定，当作是有关埃及进攻的警告。/They deny that and dismiss American concern as a Cold War relic.他们对此加以否认，认为美国的担心是冷战的后遗症。

（e）可以指当前加强或减弱的身份或情状（动词有加强或减弱的含义）。【例如】With Casualties Down, the War Retreats as a Political Issue (US News & World Report, Dec. 24, 2007, p. 40, Headline) 随着伤亡降低，战争作为政治问题的位置后退。

（f）如果as后的身份同句子所说的内容有矛盾，意思是“不够格”。【例如】When I was hired, old George was dubious, and with reason, because as a salesman I was tongue-tied. (Bill Gerry, Yale Review, 1948) 我受到雇用时，老乔治有点不放心，那也是有道理的，因为我这个笨嘴拙舌的人，本来不适合当推销员。

（2）可以指主语以外的其他名词或代词成分，特别是宾语。可以指固定身份，一时的、新得到的或失去的身份或性质。【例如】We regard the whole thing as a joke.我们把这件事全看成玩笑。/ As a historian this kind of assertion always amuses me. 我作为一个历史学家，这一类的主张总是使我觉得好笑。/ He uses his umbrella as a walking stick. 他拿他的雨伞当拐棍使。/ They promised to back him as the leader. 他们答应支持他当领袖。/ The board of directors fired him as the chief engineer. 董事会解除了他的总工程师职务。/ The alibi eliminated him as a suspect. 由于有当时不在场的证明，他就被解除了怀疑。/ As an outsider, the Koran strikes me as a reforming book, trying to return Judaism and Christianity to their origins, much as reformers attempted to do with the Christian church centuries later. (Tony Blair, Foreign Affairs, Jan. /Feb., 2007) 对于我这样一个身处其外的人来说，《古兰经》给我的印象是一本改革的书，它要让犹太教和基督教回到自己的本源，正像几个世纪以后基督教会内部的改革派所企图做的那样。

（3）甚至可以指of后的名词或指主有代词所代表的人称。【例如】his duty as a father他做父亲的责任 / my honor as a soldier我的军人荣誉 / his life as a composer他的作曲家生涯 / test of English as a second language第二语言英语测验 / Her father's income as a computer programmer...(The New York Times, Sept. 30, 2007) 她父亲做电脑程序设计师的收入…/ As British ambassador in that period, his advice to London heavily favoured the opposition. 作为那个时期的英国大使，他向伦敦提出的主张明显地偏向在野派一方。/ As a doctor, my duty is to preserve life. 作为医生，我的义务就是维护生命。/ Do your duties as a priest extend beyond the church? 你作为牧师的职责是否超出教会之外？/ Ha! Say no more! You have my word as a gentleman — it shall be so! (John Darnton, The Darwin Conspiracy, pp. 140-141) 哎呀！别再说了。你就听我的君子诺言吧 ——就这样办！/ As the Leon County supervisor of elections, Jon Sancho's job is to make sure voting is free of fraud. (The Washington Post, Jan. 22, 2006, A6) 作为莱昂郡的选举督察员，桑却的任务是保证选举不出现舞弊现象。/ Such ideas were drummed into his head as a battalion commander. 这些想法都塞进了他这个营长的头脑里。/ Gold has always been at the heart of Mexico—from the ancient Aztec and Inca civilizations to European conquests started by Cortés to its modern day struggles as a nation. 黄金向来是墨西哥的核心——从古代的阿兹台克和印加文明，到科尔特斯所开拓的欧洲人征服时期，到现代它作为一个国家艰苦奋斗的时代。/ His inexperience as a commander was revealed most pathetically at the Casablanca conference... (US News & World Report, Oct. 28, 2002, p. 46) 他的缺乏作战指挥经验，在卡萨布兰卡会议上暴露得最为狼狈… / The Korea-US FTA will serve as an opportunity for Korea to solidify its position as a new financial hub in Northeast Asia and to globalize its economy one step further. 韩美自由贸易协定将为韩国提供一个机会，巩固它作为东北亚一个新的金融中心的地位，并进一步使其经济全球化。/ South Africa spends nearly 1 percent of its gross domestic product on science—about five times the African average. Reflecting its needs as a developing country, much of that goes toward research in agriculture, health and biotechnology.(The Washington Post, April 24, 2006; A06) 南非的国民生产总值将近有百分之一用于科学，大约是非洲平均数的五倍。其中很大部分用于农业、卫生和生物科技的研究，这正反映出南非作为一个发展中国家的需要。有时候甚至his, her, their之类的主有形容词不出现，也可以用as。【例如】Had Eisenhower shunted aside all distractions to focus on seizing Tunis with a battle captain's fixed purposes, the coming months might have been different. But a quarter century's habits as a staff officer, with a staff officer's meticulous attention to detail and instinctive concern for pleasing his superiors, did not slough away easily. (US News & World Report, Oct. 28, 2002, p. 46) 假如当时艾森豪威尔把分心的事情统统放到一边，抱着战地指挥官的固定目标，一心一意考虑如何攻占突尼斯，往后几个月的情况就会大不相同。但是，他二十多年担任参谋人员养成了习惯，作为参谋人员，总是事无巨细均在关心之列，而且还养成了博取上级欢心的本能，凡此种种习惯，是不会轻易丢掉的。

（4）可以指主语的行动，作为对它的补充说明或评价。【例如】He builds houses as a hobby. 他以盖房子来作为业余消遣。/ He undermined the regime as the unintended consequence of his efforts to reform it. 他设法要改革这个制度，但原先想不到的后果是破坏了它。/ Court deputies, as a general rule, are uniformed and armed. 法警照例通常是穿着制服并且携带武器的。/ David Ridgen had been assigned by CBC Television to do a new documentary on the "Mississippi Burning" case. As part of his research, he had watched a 1964 CBC piece on the murders. (The Washington Post, Jan. 25, 2007) 大卫·里真是由CBC电视台指派拍摄有关“密西西比烧杀案”的纪录片的。作为他的调研工作的一部分，他看过了CBC 1964年有关这些谋杀案的片子。/…as a step towards conversing with her himself,(Darcy) attended to her conversation with others. (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter Six) …他为了想要慢慢地跟她攀谈攀谈，因此她跟别人谈话的时候，他就留心去听。

（5）对整个事件作补充说明或评价。【例如】Gas prices fell as a result of Congressional attention to the problem. 由于国会重视这个问题，汽油价格下降了。/ All schools were closed as a precaution. 作为预防，所有学校都关闭了。