The premodern tale tellers might also be thought of as descendants of the scops of the anglo-saxon dark ages or of the griots of west africa , men whose job it was to carry stories .
Premodern chinese culture , however , had not regarded physical exercise as the mark of manhood , but rather , praised the ideal of the confucian gentleman , learned and separated from theworld of exertion .
By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion , the omnibuses , horse railways , commuter trains , and electrictrolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era .
Human waste was problematic in premodern societies but at least it was organic , and had its uses : it became fertiliser .
人类粪便在前现代社会的确令人棘手但至少它是有机物,有一定用途:可成为肥料。
In later years I have much enjoyed making translations from works of japanese fiction and poetry , of both the modern and premodern periods .
后来,我很享受翻译翻译日本小说和诗歌(前现代和现代时期的作品)。
Custom , law , social practice and prejudice , inertia , and any number of restrictions on behavior exist today and were even more decisive in premodern times .