Thus far , dr penrose 's version of cosmology more or less matches the standard version . At this point , though , he introduces quite a large kludge of his own . This is the idea that when the universe becomes very old and rarefied , the particles within it lose their mass .
Dr penrose , however , sees inflation as a kludge . The main reason it was dreamed up ( by alan guth , a cosmologist at the massachusetts institute of technology ) was to explain the extraordinary uniformity of the universe .
His plan to " reimplement " life shows an engineer 's desire to replace biology 's unruly heritage-kludge built on kludge for billions of years-with something designed to be fit for a physicist 's practical purpose .