In cases of blocked or absent fallopian tubes or low sperm count , in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) offers couples the opportunity of biological parenthood .
在输卵管堵塞或是没有输卵管又或是少精的情况下,体外受精给了那些夫妇做父母的机会。
Fertilization in water bugs takes place after the female lays her eggs on a male 's back , making it genetically advantageous for the father to care for his young .
" If we 're using a test to advise women about when to have children or to have ( in-vitro fertilization ) , then it needs to be a very robust test , " says nicholas macklon , a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the university of southampton .
This year 's nobel season began monday with the medicine prize , which went to bob edwards , the in-vitro fertilization pioneer who brought the joy of parenthood to millions of infertile couples .
They next extracted dna from a dog oocyte ( an immature female reproductive cell prior to fertilization ) and injected the fluorescent-modified dog cells into it .