原 文:
He was now as happy as a cow.
原 译:
他现在像母牛一样快乐。
原译很「忠实」于原文,但「忠实」得过分,因为汉语中说某人「快乐」从来没有将其比作「母牛」。动物比喻形象生动,各种语言都有大量涉及动物的比喻性习语。
英汉两种语言中有不少类似的说法,如:
as cunning / crafty as a fox - 像狐狸一样狡猾
as silly as an ass - 像驴一样愚蠢
as black as a crow / raven - 像乌鸦一样黑
as sharp-eyed as an eagle - 目光像鹰一样尖锐
as slow as a snail - 像蜗牛一样慢吞吞
as meek as a lamb - 像羊羔一样温顺
as stubborn as a mule - 像骡子一样倔强
有些英语动物形象比喻虽然不是汉语里固有的,但照字面翻译过来不会影响理解,如:
as nimble as a squirrel - 像松鼠一样灵活
as merry as a cricket - 像蟋蟀一样欢快
但是由于两种语言所代表的文化不同,用于比喻同一个概念的动物形象常常是不一样的,因此翻译时有时需要变通一下,换成符合译入语习惯的比喻形象,如:
as wet as a drowned rat - 犹如落汤鸡(一样浑身湿透)
as strong as a horse - 像牛一样壮实
as stupid as a goose - 像猪一样笨
有时译入语无法用动物形象表达,则只能舍弃,如:
as thirsty as a fish - 渴得冒火
as clever as a snake / serpent - 聪明极了
as jealous as a crocodile - 简直像打翻了醋坛子
在英国人想象中,母牛吃饱了怡然自得,是很满足开心的样子。所以原句只能译为:这时候他快活极了/甭提他有多高兴。
赋予动物以各种性格完全是人为的看法,带有很大的主观性,不同的民族眼中,同一种动物可能会代表不同的特点。
比如,在汉语文化中,虎被认为是「百兽之王」,这一角色在英语文化中是由狮子担任的,所以「虎口拔牙」往往译为 beard the lion(拔狮子的胡须),「拦路虎」的英语说法是 a lion in one's / the way,「摸老虎屁股」译成英语则是 twist the lion's tail(拧狮子尾巴),「狐假虎威」常译为 ass in the lion's skin(披着狮皮的驴)。
特别要注意的是,有些动物比喻意义相近但实际上重点不同,翻译时不能想当然地先入为主,如我们认为狼很凶残,而英语中则强调wolf的贪婪;我们认为猪既丑又笨又懒,可是英语中认为pig脏而贪但不笨,甚至有 as clever as a pig 的说法;汉语中熊是笨拙的象征,可是英语中强调bear脾气暴躁;我们认为蜜蜂勤劳,英语中则侧重于bee的忙碌,说 as busy as a bee,hard working的代表形象是ant;也许由于梁山伯祝英台的故事在中国家喻户晓,蝴蝶成了中国文化中美丽的爱情的象征,可是英美人眼中的butterfly却是「轻浮」、「不安分于工作」的典型。